今日主講 : Drama
1.drama跟novel 最大的差別 →stage
Drama is now commonly used to refer to a genre of film or television which is more serious than comedy. An older meaning of 'drama' was the specific mode of fiction represented in performance. The term comes from a Greek word meaning action, which is derived from the verb meaning to do or to act. The enactment of drama in theatre, performed by actors on a stage before an audience, presupposes collaborative modes of production and a collective form of reception. The structure of dramatic texts, unlike other forms of literature, is directly influenced by this collaborative production and collective reception. The early modern tragedy Hamlet (1601) by Shakespeare and the classical Athenian tragedy Oedipus the King (c. 429 BC) by Sophocles are among the masterpieces of the art of drama. A modern example is Long Day's Journey into Night by Eugene O’Neill (1956).
2. playwright/darmalist-劇作家 player-演員
3. dithyramb
The dithyramb (Ancient Greek: διθύραμβος, dithurambos) was an ancient Greek hymn sung and danced in honor of Dionysus, the god of wine and fertility; the term was also used as an epithet of the god Plato, in The Laws, while discussing various kinds of music mentions "the birth of Dionysos, called, I think, the dithyramb."Plato also remarks in the Republic (394c) that dithyrambs are the clearest example of poetry in which the poet is the only speaker.
4.古代羅馬劇場
5. In media res-從中開始演
A story which begins in medias res "in the middle of a thing") opens in the midst of action. Oftentimes exposition is bypassed and filled in gradually, either through dialogue, flashbacks or description of past events. For example, Hamlet begins after the death of Hamlet's father. Characters make reference to King Hamlet's death without the plot's first establishment of said fact. Since the play focuses on Hamlet and the revenge itself more so than the motivation, Shakespeare utilizes in medias res to bypass superfluous exposition.
6. Death of a Salesman
Death of a Salesman is a 1949 play written by American playwright Arthur Miller. It was the recipient of the 1949 Pulitzer Prize for Drama and Tony Award for Best Play. The play premiered on Broadway in February 1949, running for 742 performances, and has been revived on Broadway four times, winning three Tony Awards for Best Revival. Death of a Salesman is often numbered on the short list of being among the finest American plays in the 20th century alongside Long Day's Journey into Night and A Streetcar Named Desire.
7. theme(大題)→subject matter(小題)→motif(母題)
8. Closet drama
A closet drama is a play that is not intended to be performed onstage, but read by a solitary reader or, sometimes, out loud in a small group. A related form, the "closet screenplay," developed during the 20th century. "Although the term sometimes carries a negative connotation, implying that such works either lack sufficient theatrical qualities to warrant staging or require theatrical effects beyond the capacity of most (if not all) theaters, closet dramas through the ages have had a variety of dramatic features and purposes not tied to successful stage performance."
-Samson Agonistes
Samson Agonistes (Greek for "Samson the agonist") is a tragic closet drama by John Milton. It appeared with the publication of Milton's Paradise Regain'd in 1671, as the title page of that volume states: "Paradise Regained / A Poem / In IV Books / To Which Is Added / Samson Agonistes". It is generally thought that Samson Agonistes was begun around the same time as Paradise Regained but was completed after the larger work, possibly very close to the date of publishing, but there is no agreement on this.
(Delilah)
(Samson)
9. Thrust theatre
In theatre, a thrust stage (also known as a platform stage or open stage) is one that extends into the audience on three sides and is connected to the backstage area by its upstage end. A thrust has the benefit of greater intimacy between performers and the audience than a proscenium, while retaining the utility of a backstage area. Entrances onto a thrust are most readily made from backstage, although some theatres provide for performers to enter through the audience using vomitory entrances. An arena, exposed on all sides to the audience, is without a backstage and relies entirely on entrances in the auditorium or from under the stage.
Arena theatre
A theater without a proscenium, in which the stage is at the center of the auditorium and is surrounded by seats. Also called theater-in-the-round.
Amphitheatre
An amphitheatre or amphitheater /ˈæmfɨˌθiːətər/ is an open-air venue used for entertainment, performances, and sports. The term derives from the ancient Greek ἀμφιθέατρον (amphitheatron), from ἀμφί (amphi), meaning "on both sides" or "around"and θέατρον (théātron), meaning "place for viewing".
Midsummer Night's Dream
A Midsummer Night's Dream is a comedy play by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1590 and 1597. It portrays the events surrounding the marriage of the Duke of Athens, Theseus, and Hippolyta. These include the adventures of four young Athenian lovers and a group of six amateur actors (mechanicals), who are controlled and manipulated by the fairies who inhabit the forest in which most of the play is set. The play is one of Shakespeare's most popular works for the stage and is widely performed across the world.
Three unities in drama-古典三一律
The classical unities, Aristotelian unities, or three unities are rules for drama derived from a passage in Aristotle's Poetics. In their neoclassical form they are as follows
1. unity of action: a play should have one action that it follows, with minimal subplots.
2. unity of time: the action in a play should occur over a period of no more than 24 hours.
3. unity of place: a play should exist in a single physical space and should not attempt to compress geography, nor should the stage represent more than one place.
其他相關知識與補充
1. illuminate, reveal, suggest →顯現(show in a indirect way)
2. Aluminium foil →鋁箔
Aluminium foil is aluminium prepared in thin metal leaves, with a thickness less than 0.2 millimetres, thinner gauges down to 6 µm are also commonly used. (wikipedia: Aluminium_foil)
Aluminium foil剛好可以拆成鋁、箔兩個字來看：
Aluminium (鋁)
Aluminium (or aluminum) is a chemical element in the boron group with symbol Al and atomic number 13. (wikipedia: aluminium)
a light, silver-colored metal used esp. for making containers, cooking equipment, and aircraft parts (cambridge: aluminium)
Foil (箔)-薄薄的
a very thin sheet of metal, used esp. for wrapping food. (cambridge: foil)
3. The Story of Goldilocks(一定是金髮女孩) and the Three Bears-click me for the story
4.crucial moment關鍵時刻/crucial difference不同的關鍵點
5. denouement
the final resolution of the intricacies of a plot, as of a drama or novel.
Respond paper不用寫甚麼？！
1.中文思考模式與邏輯,例如：我從中學到了甚麼,這是某某作家的偉大作品
2.戒除中文思考！（老師表示：I'd been there before!）
3.補充：馬克吐溫的作品裡沒受過教育的white trash kids講的錯誤英文
→ I am rotten glad of it
→ ain't nothing more(雙重否定)
→ because if I'd a knowed
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